WHAT IS SMOKE?

Smoke is a complex mixture of toxic gases and particles, which are generated from the vast array of materials that burn during a fire. A typical structure fire may generate literally tens of thousands of toxic chemicals and gasses. Research on cigarette smoke alone has identified over 7,000 chemicals, with 70 identified as cancer causing, even with brief exposure.

(1) Studies haven’t even scratched the surface to determine all the potentially adverse health effects that may result from exposure to the chemicals released from the combustion of the multitude of products in a structure fire. These include plastics, foams, textiles, carpets, wood products (treated lumber, plywood, flooring), synthetic fabrics, wool, electronics, furniture, household chemicals, and the list goes on. One of the biggest health threats from smoke is from fine and ultra-fine particles. These microscopic particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and can cause a range of health problems, from burning eyes and a runny nose to aggravated chronic heart and lung diseases and cancer. Exposure to particle pollution is even linked to premature death.

(2) Exposure to smoke toxins can be far more hazardous to human health than mold, asbestos, lead, or other contaminants. Respiratory ailments, cardiac hazards, and cancers connected with exposures to an environment affected by a fire are far greater than those from the past, mainly because the materials used today to manufacture our products and their chemical composition have changed dramatically.

Surface discoloration:

Smoke particles can leave behind a visible film on walls, ceilings, furniture, and appliances, causing a yellowing or darkening effect. 

• Fabric staining:

  Carpets, curtains, upholstery, and clothing can become permanently stained from smoke residue. 

• Odor issues:

  Smoke has a strong, lingering odor that can permeate through entire structures, requiring specialized cleaning techniques to remove. 

• Corrosion on metal:

  Smoke can corrode metal surfaces, especially when combined with moisture. 

• Moisture-related damage:

  Water used during firefighting efforts can lead to warping and swelling of wood surfaces if not properly dried. 

Potential health concerns from smoke exposure:

• Respiratory irritation: Coughing, sore throat, and eye irritation from smoke inhalation.

• Aggravated lung conditions: People with pre-existing respiratory issues like asthma can experience severe symptoms from smoke exposure.

• Long-term health effects: In cases of prolonged or heavy smoke exposure, potential long-term health issues like lung damage can occur.

Secondary Damage Fire Defined

When a fire burns, it can cause damage in two ways: primary and secondary damages. The first is primary damage, which is caused by the flames themselves. This can include charring, melting, and other forms of destruction. The second is secondary damage, which is caused by smoke and water.